0000
Written
1958
Addressed to
1980s
Category
Technology

Closer at hand and perhaps equally decisive is another no less threatening event. This is the advent of automation, which in few decades probably will empty the factories and liberate mankind from its oldest and most natural burden, the burden of laboring and the bondage to necessity. Here, too, a fundamental aspect of the human condition is at stake, but the rebellion against it, the wish to be liberated from labor's 'toil and trouble,' is not modern but as old as recorded history. Freedom from labor itself is not new; it once belonged among the most firmly established privileges of the few. In this instance, it seems as though scientific progress and technical developments had been only taken advantage of to achieve something about which all former ages dreamed but which none had been able to realize.

University of Chicago Press

The Human Condition

Annotation

The author was Hannah Arendt, and the factories did empty — manufacturing's share of US employment fell from 30 percent in 1970 to 10 percent by 2010 — but the liberation she imagined never arrived. Workers were displaced into precarity and service work, not freed into contemplation. Arendt's deeper fear, that without the 'burden of laboring' freedom itself would lose meaning, proved more prescient than the economic prediction it was wrapped in.

What Actually Happened

The factories did empty: US manufacturing employment fell from roughly 30 percent of the workforce in 1970 to about 10 percent by 2010. Automation, offshoring, and containerization all contributed. But workers were displaced into service-sector and precarious employment, not liberated into leisure or contemplation. The 'freedom from labor' Arendt described did not arrive; the burden simply changed form.

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