EXPIRES: 1975
WRITTEN: 1961
There is a quality even meaner than outright ugliness or disorder, and this meaner quality is the dishonest mask of pretended order, achieved by ignoring or suppressing the real order that is struggling to exist and to be served... Low-income projects that become worse centers of delinquency, vandalism and general social hopelessness than the slums they were supposed to replace.
Written: 1961
Addressed to: by the 1970s
Source: The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House
Author: Jane Jacobs
Category: Culture & Society
Annotation
Jacobs predicted that the massive urban renewal projects then underway — Robert Moses's superblocks, Pruitt-Igoe, Cabrini-Green — would prove worse than the neighborhoods they demolished. She was writing against the overwhelming consensus of urban planning professionals, who considered slum clearance self-evidently progressive. Within a decade, her prediction was confirmed so thoroughly that the demolition of Pruitt-Igoe in 1972 became an icon of modernist failure.
What Actually Happened
Pruitt-Igoe was demolished 1972–1976. Cabrini-Green was demolished 1995–2011. 'Urban renewal' became so discredited that the phrase itself was largely abandoned by planners.